Eduardo A. Cavallo
Working Paper 2005-23a
Revised December 2005
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Financial stability is an important policy objective since crises are associated with big economic, social, and political costs. Promoting stability requires preventing “sudden stops” in capital flows, which are events in which foreign financing abruptly disappears. This paper contributes to the discussion by providing new theoretical and empirical evidence on the causal connection between lack of exposure to commercial trade and proclivity to sudden stops. On the theoretical front, I show how exposure to trade raises the creditworthiness of countries and reduces the probability of sudden stops. In relatively closed economies, sudden stops (when they occur) are more harmful, and thus the option to default on the inherited debt is more attractive. Therefore, conditional on the amount that lenders are willing to loan, decreased exposure to trade increases the likelihood of default. A sudden stop takes place when the borrowers reject the amount that lenders want to loan: They receive no new funding, and they concurrently default on the outstanding debt to “ease the pain.” This proposition is tested using “gravity estimates,” which are based on countries’ geographic characteristics as appropriate instruments for trade. The results indicate that, all else equal, a 10 percentage point decrease in the trade-to-gross domestic product ratio increases the probability of a sudden stop between 30 percent and 40 percent. The policy implications are unambiguous: Increasing the tradable component of a country’s GDP will, ceteris paribus, reduce the vulnerability of that country to sudden stops in capital flows.
JEL classification: F32, F36, F41
Key words: stops, current account adjustment, trade, gravity model
The author gratefully acknowledges support from the Center for International Development (CID) at Harvard University and the research department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. He also thanks Andres Velasco, Dani Rodrik, Jeffrey Frankel, Domingo Cavallo, Alberto Abadie, and seminar participants at the 2004 LACEA annual meeting, the Ph.D. seminar at Harvard University, and the macroeconomics seminar at the research department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta for helpful comments. The views expressed here are the author’s and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta or the Federal Reserve System. Any remaining errors are the author’s responsibility.
Please address questions regarding content to Eduardo Cavallo, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, R-403, Rubenstein Building, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, 617-496-5014, eduardo_cavallo@ksg02.harvard.edu.