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Defining Households That Are Underserved in Digital Payment Services

Photo portrait of Claire Greene
Claire Greene Center Director
Photo portrait of Fumiko Hayashi
Fumiko Hayashi Kansas City Fed
Photo portrait of Alicia Lloro
Alicia Lloro Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
Headshot of Oz Shy
Oz Shy Senior Policy Adviser and Economist
Photo portrait of Joanna Stavins
Joanna Stavins Boston Fed
Photo portrait of Ying Lei Toh
Ying Lei Toh Kansas City Fed

Summary

US households that lack digital means of making and receiving payments cannot participate fully in an increasingly digitized economy. Assessing the scope of this problem and addressing it requires a definition of households that are underserved in digital payments. Traditional definitions of households underserved in the banking system—those that are unbanked and those that are underbanked—do not account for the ownership of nonbank transaction accounts that can be used to make and receive digital payments. In this paper, we define households underserved in digital payments by considering four key elements—access, use, safety, and affordability—and discuss how researchers may assess these elements to quantify the share of households underserved in digital payments.

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Payments Data Report 2024-3
October 2024

JEL Classifications: D12, D18, G21, G23

Key words: Digital payments inclusion, underserved, fintech, nonbanks

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.29338/rdr2024-03


The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Kansas City, or Boston, or the Federal Reserve System. The authors are responsible for any errors.