With the start of a new year, I create a folder labeled "tax documents." This is where I place the W-2s, 1099s, receipts, and other tax-related documents in advance of prepping our tax return, which we begin in earnest on February 1. Fingers crossed that by planning ahead and keeping careful records we avoid mistakes in our filing (and that we underpaid just a little bit).
Now, when I talk about tax return fraud, I'm not talking about mistakes or intentional misstatements, income omissions, or incorrect deductions. I am referring to what is classified as stolen identity refund fraud (SIRF). In this type of fraud, the criminal obtains your name and social security number and then proceeds to file a tax return as early as possible, claiming a refund. You, the victim, don't generally find out this has happened until, in the course of your own filing, you receive a message from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that a tax return has already been filed for your social security number. The criminal often arranges to have the refunds sent via the ACH network to money-mule accounts or loaded onto prepaid debit cards. Sometimes the criminal requests that a check be mailed to an address where they can steal the check out of the mail.
The operators of the ACH network have been active in combating tax return fraud, and the IRS and the Department of Justice have made the investigation and prosecution of SIRF a high priority. In 2017, the IRS spearheaded the Identity Theft Tax Refund Fraud Information Sharing and Analysis Center 
(the IDTTRF-ISAC, or just ISAC), a collaborative effort of the IRS, state agencies, and the private-sector tax industry. At the heart of the ISAC operation is a platform that collects SIRF data, performs aggregated analysis, and then distributes anonymized reports to the participants.
The IRS continues to support major education efforts to help filers minimize the threat to the broader issue of identity theft. The IRS's Guide to Identity Theft is available in eight languages on the IRS website. An important tool for consumers to have is the IRS Identity Protection Personal Identification Number (IP PIN). The IP PIN is a six-digit number the IRS provides to the taxpayer to include with an electronic return. Originally available only to filers who had previously experienced tax return fraud, the IP PIN is now available to all consumers as of January 2021. You can find instructions on the IRS's website on obtaining one online or through an application. If you don't already have an IP PIN, I strongly encourage you to get one as soon as possible.
Best wishes as you gather all your tax documentation and that you are able to avoid the tax refund criminals.
By David Lott, a payments risk expert in the Retail Payments Risk Forum at the Atlanta Fed